Thursday, January 30, 2020
The Impact of Human Rights Violations on Refugee Women Essay Example for Free
The Impact of Human Rights Violations on Refugee Women Essay The international concern about the rights of women has been rapidly gaining attention from higher authorities. Since the end of the World War II, the issue pertaining to this has received significant development until the millennium era. The first among the organization that concentrated on the advocacy of the women’s rights was the Commission of the Status of Women, which was established in 1948 in order to promote women’s right and equality followed by the International Women’s Decade in 1976 to 1985 (Beyani, p. 29) dedicated to the promotion of women’s right as human rights.. In the same way, the United Nations had conducted several conferences to address the problem of human rights violations committed on women worldwide as well as to outline legal trends that could help minimize violence on women and to advance the cause of women specifically the refugee women. Spearheaded by the United Nation, the conferences composed of loose coalition of groups and individuals worldwide, they launched a petition in 1991 calling on the Vienna to comprehensively address women’s human rights. These campaigns were so successful that women’s right gained recognition in both the UN documents and treatises including the adoption of a UN declaration of on the Elimination of Violence against women. Cases of human rights violations among refugee women are ubiquitous because these people are exposed to numerous threats during all phases of the dislocation or displacement period Displacement period among women simply refers to their loss of jobs by either war or domestic violence. Their experiences while at the camp leave emotional and physical impact on them, which in many cases traumatic that cause major changes in their lives.            Likewise, those organizations have identified specific exploitations done on women including refugee women, which have the worst cases of human rights violations all over the world. Among the recognized forms of abuses are rape, sexual abuse, sexual extortion, and physical injury as outlined by the United Nation. These abuses are rampant regardless of their geographical limitation; abuses are inflicted to many women in refugee camps around the globe most particularly in countries like Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Somalia, and many Asian nations. The human rights of these refugee women receive less considerable attention unlike their male counterpart or the human right’s abuses among men., because in the first place, their interests have not sufficiently represented in the international body. Stedman and Tanner cited the definition of refugee from African Unity Refugee Convention in 1974, which he stated as, â€Å"every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refugee in another place outside his country of origin or nationality†(p. 139).            Refugees are people who seek international protection for fear of persecution, civil war, or strife, abuses of human rights, and other reasons in their own country because their own country failed to provide that for them (Tarner, 139). Nowadays, the process of seeking refuge or asylum is under an obligation and/or activity of United Nations with the assistance from United States of America and other participating countries. The reported cases of refugee prepared by United States Committee for Refugees in 2003 are approximately less than ten million (Martin, p. 3); and the majority of these people are from the least developed countries such as Bangladish, which are mostly women and children. However, the irony here is that, the refugees who are after for protection have stumbled upon worst exploitations in the country they chose to settle. Refugee women are defenseless in terms of abuse by people in the government and sometimes by rebellious groups.            There are factors that can prove the relationship of refugee flows with social, cultural, and political chaos in the society. Doreen Marie Indra stated that it becomes clear that in many cases these experiences are â€Å"grounded in politics†(p. 326). Women become the subject of persecution at some occasion because they refuse to oblige with or they transgress social mores. Indra explained that because these women oppose the dictates of a political or religious system they are gendered punishment for violation of â€Å"particular social norms†(p. 326).In other words, even the prevailing social and religious system was oppressive in nature to the women’s right and they punished for disobeying even the simplest dress code (Indra, p. 328).            Michael Penn and Rahel Nardos saw the angle of discrimination of society to women as another ground for human rights violation of refugee women. Violence against women according to him is a â€Å"manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women†¦[and that it] is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men†(p. 182). Likewise, those women in refugee camps and minority groups are vulnerable to violence according to him. This concept prompts men to take advantage of women in refugee camps because of the idea that women are property of men.            On the other hand, Erin Baines believed that problem pertaining to refugee crisis has something to do with the cultural differences among individual groups (p. 32).      Stedman and Tanner (2003) described the nexus of refugee flows as:  â€Å"The result of the failure of the international system to prevent, deter, or terminate gross violations; from failure to hold governments that are guilty of gross violations responsible for the floods of refugees they unleash; from failure to assume political responsibility for refugee situations that threaten international peace and security; from failure to assume political responsibility to prevent violations that unleash refugee floods, and collective responsibility to guarantee remedies, including temporary protection or resettlement†(p. 155).            Accordingly, refugees continue to suffer from exploitation simply because the international political system fails to recognize its collective responsibility in this issue, at least to place individual rights at the top of the normative deliberation in refugee catastrophes.(yes it’s mine.) It means that obviously the rights of individual refugee women were somehow neglected, although in general, there efforts to combat human rights abuses. The relocation itself causes difficulty to refugees especially in adjusting oneself to current culture, language, and society. Most of them rely on donation from non-government organization, which does not sufficiently sustain the needs of the family. Though they wish to stand on their own, they find difficulty gaining access to important services such as income-generating projects and educational programs, Indra noted that women in many countries†¦ â€Å"Are denied education, access to profession, or paid work (p. 326)  which are important elements to support the need of the family especially in the absence of the husband. Due to this problem, many of them suffer financial complexity and emotional stress. Meyer and Prugl noted that refugee women cannot enjoy the social services or employment opportunities or be protected in accordance with the UN High Commissioner for refugee  UNHCR policies since most of them rely on their husband’s document; and this resulted to great stress among them as they seek help from the authorities such as the United Nations (p. 250). These people are likely to experience poverty, illiteracy, encounter conflicts within refugee population, domestic violence, and sexual torture. Poverty is one major problem of the refugees. They are lack of adequate food and safe drinking water that lead to high rates of child mortality and relatively poor health. Cole, Espin, and Rothblum reported that most refugees â€Å"live in unsanitary conditions where epidemics and disease are common, water supplies are contaminated, and food resources are insufficient (p. 65). In a report made by the United States General Accounting Office (GAO) narrated that women are often reduced to â€Å"exchanging sex for otherwise unavailable food and nonfood items such as clothing, shelter materials, and cooking items†(p. 25). Girls in the refugee camps have little opportunity to acquire education because families do not have funds for school fees, uniform, books, and others. Lack of education worsens their condition because this limits the employment chances of women and youth in the future. Many refugees encounter conflicts within the refugee population because of major ethnic groups or political factions. Martin noted that the conflicts among the refugees affect the participation in decision making of the representatives of different groups that hinder possible solution to their problem (p. 18). Domestic violence on women in the refugee camp occurs because male family members are away, or sometimes killed. According to the report of Human Rights Watch Staff, the levels of domestic violence â€Å"could also be high in refugee setting.† For instance, in the Human Rights Watch’s report of the Burundian refugee camps in 1998, they had recorded relatively high incidence of domestic violence committed on women, which occurred inside or outside refugee camps by relief workers (p. 487). This group acknowledged this problem as something largely unrecognized and the perpetrators â€Å"enjoyed free movement in the camps†(p. 487). Sexual torture somehow is different from domestic violence. Martin specifically identified these tortures as something inflicted on the victims in an inhumane manner. Sexual torture is in form of either heterosexual or homosexual rape; the rape of women by the use of specially trained dogs or forced witnessing of unnatural sexual relations, and many other forms (Martin, p. 33). Basically, torture causes much severe emotional impact on its victims both physically and psychologically, because of the nature it is being carried out.which Martin describe as â€Å"inhumane, cruel and degrading punishment or treatment (p. 33) Aside from health and protection problems, women in the refugee camps are likely to suffer additional problems due to their gender. According to Cole, Espin and Rothblum, women and girls are vulnerable to sexual violence in which rape is a common experience for them (p. 65). Rape is the most frightening and humiliating experience for the refugee women; this is the most traumatic actually that many of them already committed suicide. (Espin and Rothlblum, p. 69) The raping of refugee women is unusually brutal; they are gang raped or raped repeatedly often for days at a time. Refugee women’s experience while at camp produces both physical and emotional impact on them.            First, they suffer from emotional trauma leaving them alone to confront the issue. Cole, et.al., explained that for Asian and African women, being a rape victim is considered ‘ruined’ because their culture values virginity is â€Å"synonymous with purity†(p. 69). As a result, they feel they lose all value in society and are rejected by their families. Rape for Islam, Buddhist, and Taoist is associated with â€Å"karma†or punishment for the sin they have committed. Thus, most of these women are unwilling to disclose the issue to others, in turn, their behavior show psychosomatic symptoms of these experiences. Theilade LD. Explained that sexual dysfunction is possible to occur if a person has experienced sexual torture or non-sexual, physical, or non-physical torture. He further stated that this problem is â€Å"seen in up to fifty-one percent of torture victims (par. 1). However, the development of sexual dysfunction may occur largely to people who suffered from sexual torture. Sexual dysfunction could also be attributed to post traumatic stress disorder.(This info. came from Pubmed.www.pubmed.gov Kemp and Rasbridge mentioned about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder by refugee women as a result of stress, physical or sexual torture, and trauma (p. 74). Women who had been in this traumatic experience said that they avoided going out yet, due to their family responsibility, they had to force themselves to continue with daily activities. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder could be obtained if the person has previous anxiety disorder and other factor such as early childhood trauma or head injuries that may trigger the problem. Generally, refugees suffer from mental health problem like flash backs and dreams and intense guilt or anger and the percentage is almost sixty-five percent, which lasted for many years especially when they do not receive treatment and support from family members.            Moreover, these women are likely to sustain physical injuries. Others contract venereal disease or sexually transmitted diseases. Some became pregnant after the rape. Indeed, women are not only victims of general violence and the lack of health care, they also contending issues unambiguous to their biology and social status. However, despite of predicaments faces by refugee women, Florence Howe (1996) noted that refuge and displaced migrant women are likely to endure any situation. Howe Asserted, â€Å"Refugee, displaced and migrant women in most cases display strength, endurance and resourcefulness and can contribute positively to countries of resettlement or to their origin on their return†(Howe, p. 213). Howe pointed out these women should be appropriately involved in decisions that affect them and their future, since it cannot be denied that women make significant but frequently unrecognized role as educators both in their families and their societies as Anthony Redmond noted (2006) â€Å"women will often be the first to deny themselves in favor of others, particularly children or male partners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Redmond, p. 21) Conclusion            As some authors pointed out, the international human rights and the United Nations has done enough to protect human rights particularly of the refugee women. But is a fact that abuses on women continues to dominate in many countries in the world particularly in refugee centers. Perhaps this social stigma can be attributed to the two of the most pressing problems of the society ever since, Poverty and discrimination.            Thus no matter how many laws are legislated to protect women from abuses, or no matter how far is the international effort or even the United Nation’s effort to provide necessary protection for women’s right, these abuses on women will continue to persist unless the fundamental sources of the problems are addressed, although this problem maybe is as old as human civilization it self. Authorities therefore must not only look at the crime or run after the offenders but they should also consider the situations involve and gather evidences relating the crimes to the problems mentioned and suggest possible solution to the problems to law making body. The United Nations and all international effort on combating abuses on women must also pay attention to this problem, and try to realign some of their resources to help address the two problems mentioned earlier, along with intensified efforts of the law enforcement to run after the criminal offenders to put them behind bars. Intensifying efforts of both the international body and law enforcements agencies against the offenders and social problems may not completely erased this disease of the society but it certainly will help curb the problem. Work Cited Baines, E.K. Vulnerable Bodies: Gender, the Un and the Global Refugee Crisis. USA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004. Beyani, Chaloka. â€Å"The Needs of Refugee Women: A Human Rights Perspective.†Women and Rights. Ed. Sweetman, Caroline. UK: Oxfam, 1995. Cole, E., Espin, O., Rothblum, E. Refugee Women and their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives. USA: Haworth Press, 1992. Howe, F. Beijing and Beyond Toward the Twenty First-First Century of Women: Includes the Complete Text of the Plattform for Action. USA: Florence Howe Graduate School and University Center, 1996.  Human Rights Watch World Report 1999.  New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998. â€Å"Humanitarian Assistance: Protecting Refugee Women and Girls Remains a Significant Challenge.†United States General Accounting Office. May 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=WHZdHdprBWgCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_summary_r#PPP1,M1 Indra, D.M. Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice.  USA: Berghahn Books. Kemp, C. Rasbridge, L.A. Refugee and Immigrant Health: A Handbook for Health Professionals, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Martin, S. F. Refugee Women. USA: Lexington Books, 2004. Meyer, M.K. Prugl, E. Gender Politics in Global Governance. USA: Rowman Littlefield Publishing, Inc., 1999. Penn, M.L. Nardos, R. Overcoming Violence Against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem. USA: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2003. Redmond, A. ABC of Conflict and Disaster. UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Stedman, S. J. Tanner, F. Refugee Manipulation War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering. USA: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. Theilade, LD. â€Å"Sexual Dysfunction in Torture Victims.†PubMed. 2002 Oct . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12407879?ordinalpos=1itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Womens Roles During Times of War Essay -- American History Females Ro
Women's Roles During Times of War Despite the prevalence of war goddesses in most traditions from China to Greece to Ireland, women have been separated from the front lines of war for centuries. Western tradition claims that women are not made for war, but for household work: sewing, cleaning, cooking, and looking after children. Society told women to carry brooms in lieu of swords; to collect firewood instead of ammunition, and to keep house rather than protect a nation. Yet, for centuries, women have fought their peoples' wars, even if they never lifted a sword or fired a rifle. We rarely hear of these women, though, because they were not on the front line. The AAS Online Exhibitions claims, "The term "war hero" usually refers to a man who unselfishly risks his life to fight1." In many ways this is true. War heroes, especially of wars that were fought earlier than the twentieth century, are almost invariably men. In schools throughout the United States, primary school students learn the names of heroes of various American wars: George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, and Robert E. Lee; but rarely do they learn about the women who helped these heroes: Molly Pitcher, Belle Boyd, and Elizabeth van Lew. Women learned to sacrifice their husbands, sons, brothers, and fathers for the same causes for which these men sacrificed their lives. The first United States war in which women fought was the American Revolution: the war that allowed their country to be formed. While their husbands cleaned their hunting rifles and readied their clothing, American women fought the British in their own way. The most prominent form of battle, especially in Boston and New England, was the boycott on tea. It sounds like a simple thing, boycotting... ..."Women of the American Revolution." http://ws.web.arizona.edu/ws200/fall97/grp11/part7.htm 4. "Molly Pitcher (Valley Forge Frequently Asked Questions)." Â © 1998 – 2004. http://www.ushistorty.org/valleyforge/youasked/070.htm 5. Zarro. "Women of the American Revolution." 6. Zarro. "Women of the American Revolution." 7. Zarro. "Women of the American Revolution." 8. Zarro. "Women of the American Revolution." 9. "AAS Online Exhibitions: A Woman's Work is Never Done." 10. "AAS Online Exhibitions: A Woman's Work is Never Done." 11. "Hearts at Home: Spies." Â © 1997. Cited 22 November 2004. 12. "Hearts at Home: Spies." 13. "Rose O'Neal Greenhow Papers." Â © May 1996. http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/greenhow 14. "Female Spies for the Union." http://womenshistory.about.com/library/misc/cw/bl_cw_spies_union.htm 15. "Female Spies for the Union."
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions
Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown water sample Modified 9/2012 Objective: The most common multivalent metal ions in natural waters are Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this experiment, you will find the total concentration of calcium ions that can react with EDTA with the assumptions that EDTA reacts 1:1 with metal (Ca2+) ions. Equipment 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask (3) 50-mL Buret Ring-stand and hardware Desiccator 400-mL Beaker 500-mL Vol. flask 250-mL Vol. flask 1. 0-mL Vol Pipette 100-mL Grad cylinder Hot plate Safety and Waste DisposalChemicals Buffer (pH 10): Add 142 mL of 28 wt % aqueous NH3 to 17. 5 g of NH4Cl and dilute to 250 mL with water. Eriochrome black T indicator: Dissolve 0. 2 g of the solid indicator in 15 mL of triethanolamine plus 5 mL of absolute ethanol. 50 wt % NaOH: Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 100 g of H2O in a 250-mL plastic bottle. Store tightly capped. When you remove solution with a pipet, try not to distu rb the solid Na2CO3 precipitate. Discussion: Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and HCO3-.Generally hard water arises because rainwater moves through limestone, CaCO3 underground that occurs in our area to the aquifer. This is why we measure hardness in terms of CaCO3. The concentration of the Ca2+ ions is greater than the concentration of any other metal ion in our water. The determination of water hardness is routinely used to measure the quality of water that the general public uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard since the main chemical in hard water is calcium.People regularly take calcium supplements. In fact, hard water can be a source of necessary minerals (calcium and magnesium) that is necessary for good health. Indeed, the National Academy of Science go so far as stating t hat that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. The problem with hard water is that it cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see.Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove. There are two types of water hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, being present in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2, as indicated by the following equation: HCO3- (aq) ? H2O (l) + CO2 (g). Because bicarbonate can be removed it is classified as temporary hardness.Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the ions Ca2+ , Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-2. Because boiling cannot eliminate this type of hardness, the water is said to be permanently hard. The table below shows the degree of hardness of the water in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration in ppm and grains. Hardness rating Soft Medium Hard Hard Very Hard Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L or ppm) 0 < 75 75 to < 150 150 to < 300 300 and greater Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon) 0 to < 5. 2 5. 2 to < 10. 5 10. 5 to < 21 21 and greaterPermanent hardness is usually determined by titrating it with a standard solution of ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. The EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions. This causes water to soften, but the metal ions however, are not removed from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions so that the ions do not precipitate to form soap scum. EDTA is a versatile chelating agent. A chelating agent is a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a si ngle metal ion. Chelating agents are multidentate ligands.A ligand is a substance that binds with a metal ion to form a complex ion. Multi-dentate ligands are many clawed, holding onto the metal ion to form a very stable complex. EDTA can form four or six bonds with a metal ion. It is frequently used in soaps and detergents because it forms complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. The ions in hard water are bound to the EDTA and cannot interfere with the cleaning action of the soap or detergent. EDTA is also used in foods. Certain enzymes are responsible for food spoilage. EDTA is used to remove metal ions from these enzymes.It is used to promote color retention in dried bananas, beans, chick peas, canned clams, pecan pie filling, frozen potatoes and canned shrimp. It is used to improve flavor retention in canned carbonated beverages, beer, salad dressings, mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces. It inhibits rancidity in salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and salad spreads. In this la b you will be asked to determine the total permanent hardness. EDTA grabs all the metal ions in the water, not just the Ca2+ ions. This gives us a value that is not truly the concentration of Ca2+ ions.This causes an experimental error of about 1%, which is acceptable due to the â€Å"fuzzy†endpoints in this type of titration. Erio-T indicator or Eriochrome Black-T indicator is used in this titration. When it is chelated or acidifies, it produces a Pink-Red solution. When it is not chelated and under basic conditions it is Blue. The three pictures show the end point in this titration. There is a 1-drop difference of 0. 01 M EDTA between the first and second pictures and between the second and third pictures. Two or three seconds were allowed for colors in the second and third pictures to develop after adding the additional drop.In each case the solution was thoroughly mixed. This color change from wine red to violet to blue is due to the compact nature of the complex. Experi ment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution PROCEDURE Modified 9/2012 1. Dry Na2H2EDTA. 2H2O (FM 372. 24) at 80 ° C for 1 h and cool in the desiccator. Accurately weigh out ~ 0. 6 g and dissolve it with heating in 400 mL of water in a beaker. Cool to room temperature pour into a 500-mL volumetric flask. , mix and dilute to the mark. 2. You should practice finding the end point several times by adding a little tap water in a clean beaker and titrating with EDTA.Save a solution at the end point to use as a color comparison for other titrations. 3. Pipet a 1-mL sample of unknown into a 250-mL flask and fill to the mark with deionized water. Mix thoroughly. From this 250-mL stock solution draw 4, 50mL aliquot samples and place each aliquot in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks. To each sample, add 3 mL of pH 10 buffer and 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator. To the first 50-ml solution, titrate with EDTA from a 50-mL buret and note when the color changes from wine red to blue. 4. Rep eat the titration with the next three samples to find an accurate value of the total Ca2+ concentration.Perform a blank titration with 50 mL of distilled water and subtract the value of the blank from each result. 5. Upon completion of the experiment, discard all solution in a chemical waste bottle and wash out the glassware. Be sure to dry your buret in the upside down position.Calculations – Analysis: Analyte Ca2+The reaction of Ca2+ ions with H2EDTA2- takes place with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio: Ca2+ + EDTA2- ? At the end point of the titration, 1-equivalent of Ca2+ reacts with one equivalent of H2EDTA2-. 1 eqv Ca2+ = 1 eqv H2EDTA2-; equivalent Ca2+ = [H2EDTA2-] †¢ Vol EDTA CaH2EDTA. Recall that the analyte (we call this unknown solution) was prepared by taking exactly 1-mL of the unknown solution and diluting in a 250-mL volumetric flask (we will call this the stock solution) 50-mL aliquot (call this the analyte) of this solution was then titrated against EDTA. Note that the analyte concentration is equal to the stock solution concentration. The mass Ca2+ in 1 mL aliquot unknown: Mass of Ca2+ in 50mL Sample = â€Å"H 2EDTA2? $ †¢ â€Å"Vol EDTA $ = mol H 2EDTA2- = mol Ca2+in 50mL Analyte # % # % Mass of Ca2+ in 1mL of unknown = mol Ca2+ ? 250mL aliquot Ca2+ __ g Ca2+ ? 50mL Analyte mol ? ? Dilution Factor Atomic mass Ca Mass of Ca2+ in 1 L solution: Mass Ca2+ in 1 L = mass Ca2+ in 1 mL Aliquot †¢ 1000 mL 1 mL Concentration of unknown by percent (m:v), parts per hundred (m:v) and Molarity (M): Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used % Ca2+ m:v = †¢ 100 ppm Ca2+ m:v = Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used †¢ 106 Molarity Ca2+ = mass Ca2+ in 1mL †¢ 1 mol Ca __g Ca ? ? ? molar mass Ca †¢ 1 Volume in L of unknown Aliquot used Mass in grams of calcium carbonate unknown in 1L solution: Mass CaCO 3 in 1-L = mass ppt (g) †¢ 1 mol CaC 2O 4 †¢ H 2O __ g CaC 2O 4 †¢ H 2O ? molar mass Ca C O †¢ H O 2 4 2 †¢ 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaC 2O 4 †¢ H 2O 1 mol CaCO 3 Vol in L of aliquot ? ? ? ? Molar mass CaCO 3 †¢ __ g CaCO 3 †¢ 1L Dilution Factor Statistical Analysis – 1. Report the mean, medium, standard deviations (s), relative standard deviation (RSD), variance (s2) and the 95% confidence interval for your results. 2. 3. 4. Apply the student’s t test at the 95% confidence interval Apply a Q-test to any suspected result. Confidence interval = x + ts n 5. Compare the results of this experiment to the previous experiment, Gravimetric determination of Ca. Apply the Comparison of Means with Student’s t, Case2 (p76) Comparing Replicate Measurements. Do the two methods agree within the 95% confidence interval? â‚ ¬ Test for Outlier Apply a Grubb’s Test and Q-Test for any suspected outliers at 95 % level. See page 83 of text for critical values for 95% confidence.If your results show an anomalous data then use the Q-test to determine if the result should be rejected. Q= (Suspected Value – Nearest Value) (Suspected Value – Furthest Value) G calc = | Questionable value – x| s Table of Data, Results and Statistical Analysis: Calcium Raw Data 1. Unknown number 2 Mass of EDTA used 3 Concentration of EDTA 4 Volume of Unknown Ca2+ Solution 5 Volume EDTA during titration 6 Volume EDTA for blank trials 7 Q-Test (95%) of any outlier Analysis and Results 8 Mass of calcium in 1-mL aliquot (Average) 9 Mass of calcium in 1-L solution (Average) 10 Conc. of calcium, %, ppm (m:v) and Molarity (Average) 11 Mass of calcium carbonate in 1-L (Average) Statistical Analysis 12 Averages and Standard deviations of all results 13 Variance, RSD and CV of all results 14 95% Confidence interval 15 ttable and tcalc for replicate measurementsDiscussionThe goal of this experiment was to determine the â€Å"hardness†of the unknown sample by calculating the concentration of calcium ions in an analyte sol ution. Correcting for dilution factors, the concentration of calcium in the unknown in g/L is to be determined and compared to analysis for calcium by EDTA titration. Statistical analysis is applied to the results. A discussion of this experiment should include the accuracy and precision of this experiment compared to the EDTA titration method. An analysis of a comparison of replicated measurement is performed and discussed. Table of results should include Include in your summary table the following: i) Moles of Ca2+ in the unknown and the average equivalent value. ii) Concentration of [Ca2+ ] in the unknown in molarity, ppm and g/L iv) Mean, standard deviations, RSD and CV for each of the above concentration units. v) Student’s t at the 95% confidence interval vi) Application of a G and Q-test to any suspected result at the 95% level. vii) ttable, tcalc, Conclusion on comparison of replicated measurements.Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Modified 9/2 012 Sample data table. Sample Unknown # ______ Mass Na2EDTA, (g) Molarity Na2EDTA, (M) Vol. unknown, (ml) Buret Volinitial, (ml) Buret Volfinal, (ml) Volume EDTA used, (ml) Vol EDTA for blank, (ml) Corrected Col EDTA, (ml) Trial 1 Mass Ca2+ in 1 ml aliquot (g) Mass Ca2+ in 1-L solution (g) Concentration Ca (%) Concentration Ca (ppm) Molarity Ca2+, unknown (M) Mass calcium carbonate in 1L Q and G Test for Outliner CaCO3 (g/L), unknown Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average Std dev Variance RSD , CV 95% CL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank Student’s t Analysis: Comparing replicate measurements Analysis A: CaCO3 (g/L) 1 2 3 4 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Avg Avg X1bar – X2bar Sqrt ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2)) (xi-x1)^2 deg freedom Spooled Expt 2 Expt 3 Ex2 (Xi-Xbar)^2 Ex3 (Xi-Xbar)^2 T calc t table Conclusion T calc ? T table, at 95%, two result are (not) considered to be different EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution. # 1 2 CRITERIA (Tentative point distribution – m ay change depending on experiment) Quiz / Homework [NONE} Introduction and ProceduresA. IntroductionObjective of Expt.Background information.Math relationship used in study.B. ProceduresOutline of procedures in Expt.Flow chart pictorial of procedures. Procedural changes.Information (data) to be recorded during experiment. (to be presented in Table form. )Safety and disposal information. This portion of the report should be turned in before the start of lab class (prelab discussion). Data, Observe. , Results and Calc.C. Data and ObservationData in table form. & detailed observations written in the table. All data entry should contain the proper number of significant figures and units. Data should always be recorded in an organize fashion.Balance chemical equations; all chemical reaction which occurred during an experiment should be written in this section. Then it should also be written in the discussion portion of the report. This portion of the report should be turned in before you leave the laboratory.Calculations & ResultsD. CalculationsSample calculation shown with Excel spreadsheet available with formulas shownStatistical analysis of data and result. Avg, Std dev, RSD, CVE. ResultsSummary of Result(s) in table form. In this section accuracy of results is very important as well as detailed calculation showing how the result was obtain. â€Å"Unknown†will also be included in this section. Discussion / Conclusions and Post-Lab QuestionsF. Discussion (Talking points)What is your final result in this experiment. Are the four trials consistent with each other? If not what would account for the inconsistencies? How did the results in this experimental result compare to the result in experiment 2? Is your result for the amount of calcium carbonate in your unknown within the range of 10 – 25 g/L? Elaborate on this. What is the average amount of calcium in tap water, how much more higher is this unknown compared to the average content in tap water (e xpress in %).G. ConclusionSummary of the goal of the experiment and how that goal was achieved in the experiment. H. Post-lab questions or Editorial commentWhat did you learn in this experiment? What skills in lab practice did you develop through this expt? This portion (Calculation and Discussion) is turned in at the beginning of class of the due-date Overall Presentation (of lab notebook)Lab technique during experiment; example are, class preparation, safety glasses precautions and leaving the laboratory clean.Report presentation: examples are the headings of each report that includes name, title, lab partner, date and section #, witness signature. Legibility of report. Is the report easy to read or is important information jotted down by small print in the corners of the lab report. The overall impression is important. Lab TechniqueSafety: wear goggles, handle chemicals with caution, proper handling of lab equipmentLeave lab clean and tidy
Monday, January 6, 2020
The Suprise Attack on Pearl Harbor - 1540 Words
Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how the attack on Pearl Harbor wasn’t a surprise to Roosevelt and the United States. The main body of evidence will investigate what events lead up to the attack, diplomatic relations between Japan and the U.S., and the resulting factors of the attack. Evidence will include eyewitness accounts and newly released top secret documents. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their value, origin, purpose, and limitation in order to properly evaluate the evidence. Documents include a book containing top secret documents, letters, and theories written by Robert Stinnett as well as evidence from the U.S. Army Board. An analysis of these documents and a summary of evidence†¦show more content†¦The submarine sinking was handled with no reaction, and the radar sighting was passed off as a group of American planes approaching that morning. The United States’ did not have any aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor on December 7 th. They were all out at training. The attacking Japanese planes came in two waves with high level bombers, dive bombers, and zeros(japanese fighter planes) strapped with torpedoes. By 9:55 am the attack was all over only two hours after it had begun. Behind them they left a crippled Pacific Fleet that included 8 damaged or destroyed battleships, 2,403 dead, and 188 destroyed planes. With a close friendship between FDR and Churchill already established before the United States was even close to joining the war on the British side, the U.S. was looking at all options to help the British and defeat the Axis powers before Pearl Harbor came about. But after Pearl Harbor, with Roosevelts celebrated 10 minute speech ending with so help us God. He had his declaration of war he had been waiting for. Within less of 24 hours of being attacked the U.S. had declared war on Japan and joined World War Two. Three days after Pearl Harbor, Italy and Germany declared war on the United States. 4 years later the Axis powers ceased to exist and England, the U.S., and the USSR come out as the victors of World War Two. Evaluation of Sources Day of Deceit: The truth about FDRShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Midway1023 Words  | 5 Pagesoccurred only six months after Pearl Harbor. After the attack on Peal Harbor Japan s fleet with ten aircraft carriers dwarfed the United States four. The Battle of Midway is best explained and understood by focusing on the people involved. Historians say that the Japanese plan was extremely complicated, consisting of many attacks starting simultanisley. historians also say that the japenese fleet out gunned the Americans heavenly. After the Pearl Harbor America was crippled and with outRead MoreThe Pure Evil of the Final Solution Essay examples936 Words  | 4 Pagesmore counties WWII had began. First to declare was Britian, followed by France, Australia, and New Zeland. War had began on the continant of Europe. Although war was declared souly on Germany, their allies who signed the Tripartided act had a counter attack by Italy and Japan declaring right back. Even though war had been declared, Germany was still overthrowing countries. After the army was invade a section of land or a city, a few days after they had left the SS would follow and whipe out the restRead MoreThe United States And The World Empire Between 1890 And 19452497 Words  | 10 Pagesattacked at Pearl Harbor. After this tragic incidence occurred, many Americans were left fearful of the â€Å"other,†which in this case was the Japanese. On the 7th of December 1941, the strategic surprise attack on Pearl Harbor which had been planned in secrecy several months in advance by Japan took place and was known and remembered by many as â€Å"the day of infamy†. The surprise attack was brought out by the Japanese military forces. The mission was named Kido Buti. The result of the suprise attack was theRead MoreSurveillance Of U.s. Citizens2879 Words  | 12 Pagessteal a plane and crash not one, but two into the National Trade center. Then it took 10 years to find one man that the U.S. claimed was behind the attack. Where was the CSS and the NSA in this matter because they were not much talk of the town. In the article â€Å"Defending Your Right in the Digital World†, it is expressed that weeks after the attack Bush permitted NSA to coordinate a sweep of surveillance on the U.S. which was and had been barred by law and agency policy. After being exposed by
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